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2025-05-09 19:47:02, GGRNA : RefSeq release 60 (20130726)
LOCUS NM_012473 1342 bp mRNA linear PRI 07-JUL-2013
DEFINITION Homo sapiens thioredoxin 2 (TXN2), mRNA.
ACCESSION NM_012473
VERSION NM_012473.3 GI:27436899
KEYWORDS RefSeq.
SOURCE Homo sapiens (human)
ORGANISM Homo sapiens
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;
Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini;
Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.
REFERENCE 1 (bases 1 to 1342)
AUTHORS Sugano,E., Isago,H., Murayama,N., Tamai,M. and Tomita,H.
TITLE Different anti-oxidant effects of thioredoxin 1 and thioredoxin 2
in retinal epithelial cells
JOURNAL Cell Struct. Funct. 38 (1), 81-88 (2013)
PUBMED 23485938
REMARK GeneRIF: We showed that overexpression of TRXs reduced cell death;
TRX2 was expressed in the mitochondria, while TRX1 was expressed in
the cytoplasm.
REFERENCE 2 (bases 1 to 1342)
AUTHORS Song,J.S., Cho,H.H., Lee,B.J., Bae,Y.C. and Jung,J.S.
TITLE Role of thioredoxin 1 and thioredoxin 2 on proliferation of human
adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells
JOURNAL Stem Cells Dev. 20 (9), 1529-1537 (2011)
PUBMED 21158569
REMARK GeneRIF: TRX1 and TRX2 regulate the proliferation and survival of
adipocyte derived stem cells; these processes are mediated by the
activation of ERK1/2
REFERENCE 3 (bases 1 to 1342)
AUTHORS Yang,L., Wu,D., Wang,X. and Cederbaum,A.I.
TITLE Depletion of cytosolic or mitochondrial thioredoxin increases
CYP2E1-induced oxidative stress via an ASK-1-JNK1 pathway in HepG2
cells
JOURNAL Free Radic. Biol. Med. 51 (1), 185-196 (2011)
PUBMED 21557999
REMARK GeneRIF: knockdown of TRX-1 or TRX-2 sensitizes cells to
CYP2E1-induced oxidant stress partially via ASK-1 and JNK1
signaling pathways. Both TRX-1 and TRX-2 are important for defense
against CYP2E1-induced oxidative stress.
REFERENCE 4 (bases 1 to 1342)
AUTHORS Jiang,L., Lai,Y.K., Zhang,J., Wang,H., Lin,M.C., He,M.L. and
Kung,H.F.
TITLE Targeting S100P inhibits colon cancer growth and metastasis by
Lentivirus-mediated RNA interference and proteomic analysis
JOURNAL Mol. Med. 17 (7-8), 709-716 (2011)
PUBMED 21327297
REMARK GeneRIF: Data show that knockdown of S100P led to downregulation of
thioredoxin 1 and beta-tubulin and upregulation of RhoGDIA, all
potential therapeutic targets in cancer.
REFERENCE 5 (bases 1 to 1342)
AUTHORS Hanschmann,E.M., Lonn,M.E., Schutte,L.D., Funke,M., Godoy,J.R.,
Eitner,S., Hudemann,C. and Lillig,C.H.
TITLE Both thioredoxin 2 and glutaredoxin 2 contribute to the reduction
of the mitochondrial 2-Cys peroxiredoxin Prx3
JOURNAL J. Biol. Chem. 285 (52), 40699-40705 (2010)
PUBMED 20929858
REMARK GeneRIF: Both thioredoxin 2 and glutaredoxin 2 contribute to the
reduction of the mitochondrial 2-Cys peroxiredoxin Prx3.
REFERENCE 6 (bases 1 to 1342)
AUTHORS Cebrian,A., Pharoah,P.D., Ahmed,S., Smith,P.L., Luccarini,C.,
Luben,R., Redman,K., Munday,H., Easton,D.F., Dunning,A.M. and
Ponder,B.A.
TITLE Tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms in antioxidant defense
enzymes and susceptibility to breast cancer
JOURNAL Cancer Res. 66 (2), 1225-1233 (2006)
PUBMED 16424062
REMARK GeneRIF: Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE
Navigator)
REFERENCE 7 (bases 1 to 1342)
AUTHORS Collins,J.E., Wright,C.L., Edwards,C.A., Davis,M.P., Grinham,J.A.,
Cole,C.G., Goward,M.E., Aguado,B., Mallya,M., Mokrab,Y.,
Huckle,E.J., Beare,D.M. and Dunham,I.
TITLE A genome annotation-driven approach to cloning the human ORFeome
JOURNAL Genome Biol. 5 (10), R84 (2004)
PUBMED 15461802
REFERENCE 8 (bases 1 to 1342)
AUTHORS Damdimopoulos,A.E., Miranda-Vizuete,A., Pelto-Huikko,M.,
Gustafsson,J.A. and Spyrou,G.
TITLE Human mitochondrial thioredoxin. Involvement in mitochondrial
membrane potential and cell death
JOURNAL J. Biol. Chem. 277 (36), 33249-33257 (2002)
PUBMED 12080052
REMARK GeneRIF: MT-TRX has a role in the regulation of the mitochondrial
membrane potential and cell death
REFERENCE 9 (bases 1 to 1342)
AUTHORS Chen,Y., Cai,J., Murphy,T.J. and Jones,D.P.
TITLE Overexpressed human mitochondrial thioredoxin confers resistance to
oxidant-induced apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells
JOURNAL J. Biol. Chem. 277 (36), 33242-33248 (2002)
PUBMED 12032145
REMARK GeneRIF: mitochondrial thioredoxin may play important roles in
protection against oxidant-induced apoptosis
REFERENCE 10 (bases 1 to 1342)
AUTHORS Dunham,I., Shimizu,N., Roe,B.A., Chissoe,S., Hunt,A.R.,
Collins,J.E., Bruskiewich,R., Beare,D.M., Clamp,M., Smink,L.J.,
Ainscough,R., Almeida,J.P., Babbage,A., Bagguley,C., Bailey,J.,
Barlow,K., Bates,K.N., Beasley,O., Bird,C.P., Blakey,S.,
Bridgeman,A.M., Buck,D., Burgess,J., Burrill,W.D., O'Brien,K.P. et
al.
TITLE The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22
JOURNAL Nature 402 (6761), 489-495 (1999)
PUBMED 10591208
REMARK Erratum:[Nature 2000 Apr 20;404(6780):904]
COMMENT REVIEWED REFSEQ: This record has been curated by NCBI staff. The
reference sequence was derived from AF480262.1.
On Dec 31, 2002 this sequence version replaced gi:21361402.
Summary: This nuclear gene encodes a mitochondrial member of the
thioredoxin family, a group of small multifunctional redox-active
proteins. The encoded protein may play important roles in the
regulation of the mitochondrial membrane potential and in
protection against oxidant-induced apoptosis. [provided by RefSeq,
Jul 2008].
Publication Note: This RefSeq record includes a subset of the
publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene
record to access additional publications.
##Evidence-Data-START##
Transcript exon combination :: AF480262.1, BX457676.2 [ECO:0000332]
RNAseq introns :: single sample supports all introns
ERS025084, ERS025098 [ECO:0000348]
##Evidence-Data-END##
##RefSeq-Attributes-START##
gene product(s) localized to mito. :: reported by MitoCarta
##RefSeq-Attributes-END##
COMPLETENESS: complete on the 3' end.
FEATURES Location/Qualifiers
source 1..1342
/organism="Homo sapiens"
/mol_type="mRNA"
/db_xref="taxon:9606"
/chromosome="22"
/map="22q13.1"
gene 1..1342
/gene="TXN2"
/gene_synonym="MT-TRX; MTRX; TRX2"
/note="thioredoxin 2"
/db_xref="GeneID:25828"
/db_xref="HGNC:17772"
/db_xref="HPRD:07161"
/db_xref="MIM:609063"
exon 1..77
/gene="TXN2"
/gene_synonym="MT-TRX; MTRX; TRX2"
/inference="alignment:Splign:1.39.8"
CDS 78..578
/gene="TXN2"
/gene_synonym="MT-TRX; MTRX; TRX2"
/note="thioredoxin, mitochondrial; mitochondrial
thioredoxin; thioredoxin-2"
/codon_start=1
/product="thioredoxin, mitochondrial precursor"
/protein_id="NP_036605.2"
/db_xref="GI:21361403"
/db_xref="CCDS:CCDS13928.1"
/db_xref="GeneID:25828"
/db_xref="HGNC:17772"
/db_xref="HPRD:07161"
/db_xref="MIM:609063"
/translation="
MAQRLLLRRFLASVISRKPSQGQWPPLTSRALQTPQCSPGGLTVTPNPARTIYTTRISLTTFNIQDGPDFQDRVVNSETPVVVDFHAQWCGPCKILGPRLEKMVAKQHGKVVMAKVDIDDHTDLAIEYEVSAVPTVLAMKNGDVVDKFVGIKDEDQLEAFLKKLIG
"
transit_peptide 78..254
/gene="TXN2"
/gene_synonym="MT-TRX; MTRX; TRX2"
mat_peptide 255..575
/gene="TXN2"
/gene_synonym="MT-TRX; MTRX; TRX2"
/product="thioredoxin, mitochondrial"
misc_feature 291..563
/gene="TXN2"
/gene_synonym="MT-TRX; MTRX; TRX2"
/note="TRX family; composed of two groups: Group I, which
includes proteins that exclusively encode a TRX domain;
and Group II, which are composed of fusion proteins of TRX
and additional domains. Group I TRX is a small ancient
protein that alter the redox...; Region: TRX_family;
cd02947"
/db_xref="CDD:48496"
misc_feature 327..329
/gene="TXN2"
/gene_synonym="MT-TRX; MTRX; TRX2"
/inference="non-experimental evidence, no additional
details recorded"
/note="Deprotonates C-terminal active site Cys (By
similarity); propagated from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
(Q99757.2); other site"
misc_feature order(345..347,354..356)
/gene="TXN2"
/gene_synonym="MT-TRX; MTRX; TRX2"
/note="catalytic residues [active]"
/db_xref="CDD:48496"
misc_feature 348..350
/gene="TXN2"
/gene_synonym="MT-TRX; MTRX; TRX2"
/inference="non-experimental evidence, no additional
details recorded"
/note="Contributes to redox potential value (By
similarity); propagated from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
(Q99757.2); other site"
misc_feature 351..353
/gene="TXN2"
/gene_synonym="MT-TRX; MTRX; TRX2"
/inference="non-experimental evidence, no additional
details recorded"
/note="Contributes to redox potential value (By
similarity); propagated from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
(Q99757.2); other site"
misc_feature 531..533
/gene="TXN2"
/gene_synonym="MT-TRX; MTRX; TRX2"
/experiment="experimental evidence, no additional details
recorded"
/note="N6-acetyllysine; propagated from
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot (Q99757.2); acetylation site"
exon 78..340
/gene="TXN2"
/gene_synonym="MT-TRX; MTRX; TRX2"
/inference="alignment:Splign:1.39.8"
variation 169
/gene="TXN2"
/gene_synonym="MT-TRX; MTRX; TRX2"
/replace="c"
/replace="t"
/db_xref="dbSNP:11545777"
variation 179
/gene="TXN2"
/gene_synonym="MT-TRX; MTRX; TRX2"
/replace="c"
/replace="t"
/db_xref="dbSNP:11545778"
exon 341..464
/gene="TXN2"
/gene_synonym="MT-TRX; MTRX; TRX2"
/inference="alignment:Splign:1.39.8"
exon 465..1336
/gene="TXN2"
/gene_synonym="MT-TRX; MTRX; TRX2"
/inference="alignment:Splign:1.39.8"
STS 571..809
/gene="TXN2"
/gene_synonym="MT-TRX; MTRX; TRX2"
/standard_name="PMC193924P2"
/db_xref="UniSTS:271764"
STS 581..736
/gene="TXN2"
/gene_synonym="MT-TRX; MTRX; TRX2"
/standard_name="RH70707"
/db_xref="UniSTS:13005"
STS 747..975
/gene="TXN2"
/gene_synonym="MT-TRX; MTRX; TRX2"
/standard_name="RH75085"
/db_xref="UniSTS:91744"
variation 994
/gene="TXN2"
/gene_synonym="MT-TRX; MTRX; TRX2"
/replace="a"
/replace="g"
/db_xref="dbSNP:1062055"
STS 1087..1330
/gene="TXN2"
/gene_synonym="MT-TRX; MTRX; TRX2"
/standard_name="RH68054"
/db_xref="UniSTS:47375"
polyA_signal 1313..1318
/gene="TXN2"
/gene_synonym="MT-TRX; MTRX; TRX2"
polyA_site 1336
/gene="TXN2"
/gene_synonym="MT-TRX; MTRX; TRX2"
/experiment="experimental evidence, no additional details
recorded"
ORIGIN
gaggaagtgacgacaggcgtgcccttgacaggcagggagggctaggctgtgcatccctccgctcgcattgcagggagatggctcagcgacttcttctgaggaggttcctggcctctgtcatctccaggaagccctctcagggtcagtggccacccctcacttccagagccctgcagaccccacaatgcagtcctggtggcctgactgtaacacccaacccagcccggacaatatacaccacgaggatctccttgacaacctttaatatccaggatggacctgactttcaagaccgagtggtcaacagtgagacaccagtggttgtggatttccacgcacagtggtgtggaccctgcaagatcctggggccgaggttagagaagatggtggccaagcagcacgggaaggtggtgatggccaaggtggatattgatgaccacacagacctcgccattgagtatgaggtgtcagcggtgcccactgtgctggccatgaagaatggggacgtggtggacaagtttgtgggcatcaaggatgaggatcagttggaggccttcctgaagaagctgattggctgacaagcagggatgagtcctggttcccttgcccgcgtgggaccccaatagaactcagcccttccatgccagcccttcctgctgcctccctcctgtctggctcctggggcccatgcttagagcccaggctccagccctgagtgcttccgagctggcggactgcccaggggccatcagaggatggtggtgctgctgctgatccggggaccgctgtcttccctcccatacgcctttcatccctccttctagggcctatggcagttctcccaggatgtgtggcgagagcctgggccagcccacagcgttcctagtcaggcagccacaccttggtcctcatcttggtcccttccaatctgaaacctcgtgcctggctcgtctgccacctacatttctctttccagctgctgttttgtaaaaagaaaaagaaaaaagaagcccaaactagtgagagtaatatctaattatctcattttttgtaggtctgtgataaagaacttagtcatcccttccacctcctactgtgaagaacagaccctgggtcccacactgaaatcccctctagtcacccattcccaccccccagggagctgcctcccaggcagggggtgcagaaaatgattgatgggctggggaaccctggagagcctcgactccggaagtctcaaggtgcctcctcctctccttagctggcccgttggttttctgagcagggggctgaactgtgaacaagtcagacaaataaagcaagggtctgcaccatcaaaaaa
//
ANNOTATIONS from NCBI Entrez Gene (20130726):
GeneID:25828 -> Molecular function: GO:0009055 [electron carrier activity] evidence: IEA
GeneID:25828 -> Molecular function: GO:0015035 [protein disulfide oxidoreductase activity] evidence: IEA
GeneID:25828 -> Molecular function: GO:0032403 [protein complex binding] evidence: IEA
GeneID:25828 -> Biological process: GO:0001666 [response to hypoxia] evidence: IEA
GeneID:25828 -> Biological process: GO:0006662 [glycerol ether metabolic process] evidence: IEA
GeneID:25828 -> Biological process: GO:0006979 [response to oxidative stress] evidence: IEA
GeneID:25828 -> Biological process: GO:0007584 [response to nutrient] evidence: IEA
GeneID:25828 -> Biological process: GO:0009725 [response to hormone stimulus] evidence: IEA
GeneID:25828 -> Biological process: GO:0009749 [response to glucose stimulus] evidence: IEA
GeneID:25828 -> Biological process: GO:0014070 [response to organic cyclic compound] evidence: IEA
GeneID:25828 -> Biological process: GO:0022900 [electron transport chain] evidence: IEA
GeneID:25828 -> Biological process: GO:0031669 [cellular response to nutrient levels] evidence: IEA
GeneID:25828 -> Biological process: GO:0042493 [response to drug] evidence: IEA
GeneID:25828 -> Biological process: GO:0045454 [cell redox homeostasis] evidence: IEA
GeneID:25828 -> Biological process: GO:0048678 [response to axon injury] evidence: IEA
GeneID:25828 -> Cellular component: GO:0005730 [nucleolus] evidence: IDA
GeneID:25828 -> Cellular component: GO:0005739 [mitochondrion] evidence: IDA
GeneID:25828 -> Cellular component: GO:0030425 [dendrite] evidence: IEA
GeneID:25828 -> Cellular component: GO:0043025 [neuronal cell body] evidence: IEA
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@meso_cacase at
DBCLS
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