2024-03-30 00:43:40, GGRNA : RefSeq release 60 (20130726)
LOCUS NM_001243399 976 bp mRNA linear PRI 07-JUL-2013 DEFINITION Homo sapiens glutaredoxin 2 (GLRX2), transcript variant 3, mRNA. ACCESSION NM_001243399 VERSION NM_001243399.1 GI:343478146 KEYWORDS RefSeq. SOURCE Homo sapiens (human) ORGANISM Homo sapiens Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo. REFERENCE 1 (bases 1 to 976) AUTHORS Brautigam,L., Schutte,L.D., Godoy,J.R., Prozorovski,T., Gellert,M., Hauptmann,G., Holmgren,A., Lillig,C.H. and Berndt,C. TITLE Vertebrate-specific glutaredoxin is essential for brain development JOURNAL Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108 (51), 20532-20537 (2011) PUBMED 22139372 REMARK GeneRIF: Grx2 thiol redox regulation is essential for vertebrate embryonic development REFERENCE 2 (bases 1 to 976) AUTHORS Godoy,J.R., Oesteritz,S., Hanschmann,E.M., Ockenga,W., Ackermann,W. and Lillig,C.H. TITLE Segment-specific overexpression of redoxins after renal ischemia and reperfusion: protective roles of glutaredoxin 2, peroxiredoxin 3, and peroxiredoxin 6 JOURNAL Free Radic. Biol. Med. 51 (2), 552-561 (2011) PUBMED 21586322 REFERENCE 3 (bases 1 to 976) AUTHORS Qi,W. and Cowan,J.A. TITLE Mechanism of glutaredoxin-ISU [2Fe-2S] cluster exchange JOURNAL Chem. Commun. (Camb.) 47 (17), 4989-4991 (2011) PUBMED 21437321 REMARK GeneRIF: Exchange of [2Fe-2S] centers between glutaredoxin 2 and the cluster scaffold protein ISU, supports a direct link for glutaredoxin 2 and glutathione involvement in ISU promoted Fe-S cluster biosynthesis. REFERENCE 4 (bases 1 to 976) AUTHORS Lonn,M.E., Hudemann,C., Berndt,C., Cherkasov,V., Capani,F., Holmgren,A. and Lillig,C.H. TITLE Expression pattern of human glutaredoxin 2 isoforms: identification and characterization of two testis/cancer cell-specific isoforms JOURNAL Antioxid. Redox Signal. 10 (3), 547-557 (2008) PUBMED 18092940 REFERENCE 5 (bases 1 to 976) AUTHORS Karunakaran,S., Saeed,U., Ramakrishnan,S., Koumar,R.C. and Ravindranath,V. TITLE Constitutive expression and functional characterization of mitochondrial glutaredoxin (Grx2) in mouse and human brain JOURNAL Brain Res. 1185, 8-17 (2007) PUBMED 17961515 REMARK GeneRIF: Grx2 is constitutively expressed in both neuron and glia in mouse and human brain including the neurons in human substantia nigra. REFERENCE 6 (bases 1 to 976) AUTHORS Johansson,C., Lillig,C.H. and Holmgren,A. TITLE Human mitochondrial glutaredoxin reduces S-glutathionylated proteins with high affinity accepting electrons from either glutathione or thioredoxin reductase JOURNAL J. Biol. Chem. 279 (9), 7537-7543 (2004) PUBMED 14676218 REMARK GeneRIF: results suggest an important role for glutaredoxin 2 in protection and recovery from oxidative stress REFERENCE 7 (bases 1 to 976) AUTHORS Fernandes,A.P. and Holmgren,A. TITLE Glutaredoxins: glutathione-dependent redox enzymes with functions far beyond a simple thioredoxin backup system JOURNAL Antioxid. Redox Signal. 6 (1), 63-74 (2004) PUBMED 14713336 REMARK Review article REFERENCE 8 (bases 1 to 976) AUTHORS Lysell,J., Stjernholm Vladic,Y., Ciarlo,N., Holmgren,A. and Sahlin,L. TITLE Immunohistochemical determination of thioredoxin and glutaredoxin distribution in the human cervix, and possible relation to cervical ripening JOURNAL Gynecol. Endocrinol. 17 (4), 303-310 (2003) PUBMED 14503974 REFERENCE 9 (bases 1 to 976) AUTHORS Gladyshev,V.N., Liu,A., Novoselov,S.V., Krysan,K., Sun,Q.A., Kryukov,V.M., Kryukov,G.V. and Lou,M.F. TITLE Identification and characterization of a new mammalian glutaredoxin (thioltransferase), Grx2 JOURNAL J. Biol. Chem. 276 (32), 30374-30380 (2001) PUBMED 11397793 REFERENCE 10 (bases 1 to 976) AUTHORS Lundberg,M., Johansson,C., Chandra,J., Enoksson,M., Jacobsson,G., Ljung,J., Johansson,M. and Holmgren,A. TITLE Cloning and expression of a novel human glutaredoxin (Grx2) with mitochondrial and nuclear isoforms JOURNAL J. Biol. Chem. 276 (28), 26269-26275 (2001) PUBMED 11297543 COMMENT REVIEWED REFSEQ: This record has been curated by NCBI staff. The reference sequence was derived from BQ432881.1, AA887118.1 and AA056513.1. Summary: The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the glutaredoxin family of proteins, which maintain cellular thiol homeostasis. These proteins are thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases that use a glutathione-binding site and one or two active cysteines in their active site. This gene undergoes alternative splicing to produce multiple isoforms, one of which is ubiquitously expressed and localizes to mitochondria, where it functions in mitochondrial redox homeostasis and is important for the protection against and recovery from oxidative stress. Other isoforms, which have more restrictive expression patterns, show cytosolic and nuclear localization, and are thought to function in cellular differentiation and transformation, possibly with a role in tumor progression. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]. Transcript Variant: This variant (3) differs in the 5' UTR, lacks a portion of the 5' coding region, and uses a downstream in-frame start codon, compared to variant 1. The encoded isoform (3, also known as Grx2c) is shorter at the N-terminus, compared to isoform 1. Publication Note: This RefSeq record includes a subset of the publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene record to access additional publications. ##Evidence-Data-START## CDS exon combination :: BC028113.1, BG182176.1 [ECO:0000331] RNAseq introns :: single sample supports all introns ERS025084, ERS025085 [ECO:0000348] ##Evidence-Data-END## ##RefSeq-Attributes-START## gene product(s) localized to mito. :: PMID: 11297543; reported by MitoCarta ##RefSeq-Attributes-END## COMPLETENESS: complete on the 3' end. PRIMARY REFSEQ_SPAN PRIMARY_IDENTIFIER PRIMARY_SPAN COMP 1-69 BQ432881.1 5-73 70-564 BQ432881.1 76-570 565-970 AA887118.1 12-417 c 971-976 AA056513.1 3-8 c FEATURES Location/Qualifiers source 1..976 /organism="Homo sapiens" /mol_type="mRNA" /db_xref="taxon:9606" /chromosome="1" /map="1q31.2" gene 1..976 /gene="GLRX2" /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2" /note="glutaredoxin 2" /db_xref="GeneID:51022" /db_xref="HGNC:16065" /db_xref="MIM:606820" exon 1..440 /gene="GLRX2" /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2" /inference="alignment:Splign:1.39.8" variation 69..70 /gene="GLRX2" /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2" /replace="" /replace="tt" /db_xref="dbSNP:3079948" variation 72 /gene="GLRX2" /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2" /replace="c" /replace="g" /replace="t" /db_xref="dbSNP:34475657" variation 80 /gene="GLRX2" /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2" /replace="a" /replace="g" /db_xref="dbSNP:912071" variation 104 /gene="GLRX2" /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2" /replace="c" /replace="g" /db_xref="dbSNP:34353394" STS 140..411 /gene="GLRX2" /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2" /standard_name="SHGC-146669" /db_xref="UniSTS:172655" misc_feature 421..423 /gene="GLRX2" /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2" /note="upstream in-frame stop codon" exon 441..504 /gene="GLRX2" /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2" /inference="alignment:Splign:1.39.8" CDS 442..816 /gene="GLRX2" /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2" /note="isoform 3 is encoded by transcript variant 3; bA101E13.1 (GRX2 glutaredoxin (thioltransferase) 2)" /codon_start=1 /product="glutaredoxin 2 isoform 3" /protein_id="NP_001230328.1" /db_xref="GI:343478147" /db_xref="GeneID:51022" /db_xref="HGNC:16065" /db_xref="MIM:606820" /translation="
MESNTSSSLENLATAPVNQIQETISDNCVVIFSKTSCSYCTMAKKLFHDMNVNYKVVELDLLEYGNQFQDALYKMTGERTVPRIFVNGTFIGGATDTHRLHKEGKLLPLVHQCYLKKSKRKEFQ
" misc_feature 523..768 /gene="GLRX2" /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2" /note="Glutaredoxin (GRX) family, GRX human class 1 and 2 (h_1_2)-like subfamily; composed of proteins similar to human GRXs, approximately 10 kDa in size, and proteins containing a GRX or GRX-like domain. GRX is a glutathione (GSH) dependent reductase; Region: GRX_GRXh_1_2_like; cd03419" /db_xref="CDD:48634" misc_feature order(541..543,550..552,556..558,676..687,718..729) /gene="GLRX2" /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2" /note="GSH binding site [chemical binding]; other site" /db_xref="CDD:48634" misc_feature order(550..552,559..561) /gene="GLRX2" /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2" /note="catalytic residues [active]" /db_xref="CDD:48634" exon 505..681 /gene="GLRX2" /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2" /inference="alignment:Splign:1.39.8" STS 507..641 /gene="GLRX2" /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2" /standard_name="SHGC-32745" /db_xref="UniSTS:2493" variation 604 /gene="GLRX2" /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2" /replace="a" /replace="g" /db_xref="dbSNP:34237236" exon 682..976 /gene="GLRX2" /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2" /inference="alignment:Splign:1.39.8" polyA_signal 950..955 /gene="GLRX2" /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2" polyA_site 970 /gene="GLRX2" /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2" polyA_site 976 /gene="GLRX2" /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2" ORIGIN
atttccaaagccatggtgaaacatctctgtgctaatttcttttgttttgtttcctaattttttttttttggcaggtggtgggaaataatctttgtcttctttggagtaaaccttcaacaccggattttttcttttaattatggatgtaaaccccaatatccccataatttacattgggtctcgaccaattgcctaattataagaggatatatttaggctcttatttcatccacacaaaaacttgtgtaacaggtagttggaaacatctgaggcaccactttgattctgttttggatggtcatgttttttctcctccgtttccccagcatgtctgccaccatcctcatgcactgcttccaagtgcctgggagcctttatgagcgtccctaaacctaaaagaatccagaggcggggctcggatgaaccctcgagataagcaagatggagagcaatacatcatcatctttggagaatttagcgacggcgcctgtgaaccagatccaagaaacaatttctgataattgtgtggtgattttctcaaaaacatcctgttcttactgtacaatggcaaaaaagcttttccatgacatgaatgttaactataaagtggtggaactggacctgcttgaatatggaaaccagttccaagatgctctttacaaaatgactggtgaaagaactgttccaagaatatttgtcaatggtacttttattggaggtgcaactgacactcataggcttcacaaagaaggaaaattgctcccactagttcatcagtgttatttaaaaaaaagtaagaggaaagaatttcagtgatgtttatactaataagtttgctagtacagtgtcagttatttaaagtggtaatgcccgataatgtcttttaaatgtttgaggatgttttaaatacatgcattgtcttcacgaagaagatgtaaaaataatgaacaataaattgcggtggaaacctcttctt
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ANNOTATIONS from NCBI Entrez Gene (20130726): GeneID:51022 -> Molecular function: GO:0003756 [protein disulfide isomerase activity] evidence: TAS GeneID:51022 -> Molecular function: GO:0008794 [arsenate reductase (glutaredoxin) activity] evidence: TAS GeneID:51022 -> Molecular function: GO:0009055 [electron carrier activity] evidence: NAS GeneID:51022 -> Molecular function: GO:0015035 [protein disulfide oxidoreductase activity] evidence: IEA GeneID:51022 -> Molecular function: GO:0015038 [glutathione disulfide oxidoreductase activity] evidence: TAS GeneID:51022 -> Molecular function: GO:0046872 [metal ion binding] evidence: IEA GeneID:51022 -> Molecular function: GO:0051537 [2 iron, 2 sulfur cluster binding] evidence: IEA GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0006355 [regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent] evidence: NAS GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0006457 [protein folding] evidence: TAS GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0006749 [glutathione metabolic process] evidence: TAS GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0006915 [apoptotic process] evidence: NAS GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0009266 [response to temperature stimulus] evidence: NAS GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0009966 [regulation of signal transduction] evidence: NAS GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0010033 [response to organic substance] evidence: IDA GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0022900 [electron transport chain] evidence: IEA GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0030154 [cell differentiation] evidence: NAS GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0042262 [DNA protection] evidence: NAS GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0042542 [response to hydrogen peroxide] evidence: IDA GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0045454 [cell redox homeostasis] evidence: TAS GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0051775 [response to redox state] evidence: TAS GeneID:51022 -> Cellular component: GO:0005634 [nucleus] evidence: IDA GeneID:51022 -> Cellular component: GO:0005730 [nucleolus] evidence: IDA GeneID:51022 -> Cellular component: GO:0005739 [mitochondrion] evidence: IDA
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