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2024-03-30 00:43:40, GGRNA : RefSeq release 60 (20130726)

LOCUS       NM_001243399             976 bp    mRNA    linear   PRI 07-JUL-2013
DEFINITION  Homo sapiens glutaredoxin 2 (GLRX2), transcript variant 3, mRNA.
ACCESSION   NM_001243399
VERSION     NM_001243399.1  GI:343478146
KEYWORDS    RefSeq.
SOURCE      Homo sapiens (human)
  ORGANISM  Homo sapiens
            Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;
            Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini;
            Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.
REFERENCE   1  (bases 1 to 976)
  AUTHORS   Brautigam,L., Schutte,L.D., Godoy,J.R., Prozorovski,T., Gellert,M.,
            Hauptmann,G., Holmgren,A., Lillig,C.H. and Berndt,C.
  TITLE     Vertebrate-specific glutaredoxin is essential for brain development
  JOURNAL   Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108 (51), 20532-20537 (2011)
   PUBMED   22139372
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Grx2 thiol redox regulation is essential for vertebrate
            embryonic development
REFERENCE   2  (bases 1 to 976)
  AUTHORS   Godoy,J.R., Oesteritz,S., Hanschmann,E.M., Ockenga,W., Ackermann,W.
            and Lillig,C.H.
  TITLE     Segment-specific overexpression of redoxins after renal ischemia
            and reperfusion: protective roles of glutaredoxin 2, peroxiredoxin
            3, and peroxiredoxin 6
  JOURNAL   Free Radic. Biol. Med. 51 (2), 552-561 (2011)
   PUBMED   21586322
REFERENCE   3  (bases 1 to 976)
  AUTHORS   Qi,W. and Cowan,J.A.
  TITLE     Mechanism of glutaredoxin-ISU [2Fe-2S] cluster exchange
  JOURNAL   Chem. Commun. (Camb.) 47 (17), 4989-4991 (2011)
   PUBMED   21437321
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Exchange of [2Fe-2S] centers between glutaredoxin 2 and
            the cluster scaffold protein ISU, supports a direct link for
            glutaredoxin 2 and glutathione involvement in ISU promoted Fe-S
            cluster biosynthesis.
REFERENCE   4  (bases 1 to 976)
  AUTHORS   Lonn,M.E., Hudemann,C., Berndt,C., Cherkasov,V., Capani,F.,
            Holmgren,A. and Lillig,C.H.
  TITLE     Expression pattern of human glutaredoxin 2 isoforms: identification
            and characterization of two testis/cancer cell-specific isoforms
  JOURNAL   Antioxid. Redox Signal. 10 (3), 547-557 (2008)
   PUBMED   18092940
REFERENCE   5  (bases 1 to 976)
  AUTHORS   Karunakaran,S., Saeed,U., Ramakrishnan,S., Koumar,R.C. and
            Ravindranath,V.
  TITLE     Constitutive expression and functional characterization of
            mitochondrial glutaredoxin (Grx2) in mouse and human brain
  JOURNAL   Brain Res. 1185, 8-17 (2007)
   PUBMED   17961515
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Grx2 is constitutively expressed in both neuron and glia
            in mouse and human brain including the neurons in human substantia
            nigra.
REFERENCE   6  (bases 1 to 976)
  AUTHORS   Johansson,C., Lillig,C.H. and Holmgren,A.
  TITLE     Human mitochondrial glutaredoxin reduces S-glutathionylated
            proteins with high affinity accepting electrons from either
            glutathione or thioredoxin reductase
  JOURNAL   J. Biol. Chem. 279 (9), 7537-7543 (2004)
   PUBMED   14676218
  REMARK    GeneRIF: results suggest an important role for glutaredoxin 2 in
            protection and recovery from oxidative stress
REFERENCE   7  (bases 1 to 976)
  AUTHORS   Fernandes,A.P. and Holmgren,A.
  TITLE     Glutaredoxins: glutathione-dependent redox enzymes with functions
            far beyond a simple thioredoxin backup system
  JOURNAL   Antioxid. Redox Signal. 6 (1), 63-74 (2004)
   PUBMED   14713336
  REMARK    Review article
REFERENCE   8  (bases 1 to 976)
  AUTHORS   Lysell,J., Stjernholm Vladic,Y., Ciarlo,N., Holmgren,A. and
            Sahlin,L.
  TITLE     Immunohistochemical determination of thioredoxin and glutaredoxin
            distribution in the human cervix, and possible relation to cervical
            ripening
  JOURNAL   Gynecol. Endocrinol. 17 (4), 303-310 (2003)
   PUBMED   14503974
REFERENCE   9  (bases 1 to 976)
  AUTHORS   Gladyshev,V.N., Liu,A., Novoselov,S.V., Krysan,K., Sun,Q.A.,
            Kryukov,V.M., Kryukov,G.V. and Lou,M.F.
  TITLE     Identification and characterization of a new mammalian glutaredoxin
            (thioltransferase), Grx2
  JOURNAL   J. Biol. Chem. 276 (32), 30374-30380 (2001)
   PUBMED   11397793
REFERENCE   10 (bases 1 to 976)
  AUTHORS   Lundberg,M., Johansson,C., Chandra,J., Enoksson,M., Jacobsson,G.,
            Ljung,J., Johansson,M. and Holmgren,A.
  TITLE     Cloning and expression of a novel human glutaredoxin (Grx2) with
            mitochondrial and nuclear isoforms
  JOURNAL   J. Biol. Chem. 276 (28), 26269-26275 (2001)
   PUBMED   11297543
COMMENT     REVIEWED REFSEQ: This record has been curated by NCBI staff. The
            reference sequence was derived from BQ432881.1, AA887118.1 and
            AA056513.1.
            
            Summary: The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the
            glutaredoxin family of proteins, which maintain cellular thiol
            homeostasis. These proteins are thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases
            that use a glutathione-binding site and one or two active cysteines
            in their active site. This gene undergoes alternative splicing to
            produce multiple isoforms, one of which is ubiquitously expressed
            and localizes to mitochondria, where it functions in mitochondrial
            redox homeostasis and is important for the protection against and
            recovery from oxidative stress. Other isoforms, which have more
            restrictive expression patterns, show cytosolic and nuclear
            localization, and are thought to function in cellular
            differentiation and transformation, possibly with a role in tumor
            progression. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011].
            
            Transcript Variant: This variant (3) differs in the 5' UTR, lacks a
            portion of the 5' coding region, and uses a downstream in-frame
            start codon, compared to variant 1. The encoded isoform (3, also
            known as Grx2c) is shorter at the N-terminus, compared to isoform
            1.
            
            Publication Note:  This RefSeq record includes a subset of the
            publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene
            record to access additional publications.
            
            ##Evidence-Data-START##
            CDS exon combination :: BC028113.1, BG182176.1 [ECO:0000331]
            RNAseq introns       :: single sample supports all introns
                                    ERS025084, ERS025085 [ECO:0000348]
            ##Evidence-Data-END##
            
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-START##
            gene product(s) localized to mito. :: PMID: 11297543; reported by
                                                  MitoCarta
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-END##
            COMPLETENESS: complete on the 3' end.
PRIMARY     REFSEQ_SPAN         PRIMARY_IDENTIFIER PRIMARY_SPAN        COMP
            1-69                BQ432881.1         5-73
            70-564              BQ432881.1         76-570
            565-970             AA887118.1         12-417              c
            971-976             AA056513.1         3-8                 c
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..976
                     /organism="Homo sapiens"
                     /mol_type="mRNA"
                     /db_xref="taxon:9606"
                     /chromosome="1"
                     /map="1q31.2"
     gene            1..976
                     /gene="GLRX2"
                     /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
                     /note="glutaredoxin 2"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:51022"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:16065"
                     /db_xref="MIM:606820"
     exon            1..440
                     /gene="GLRX2"
                     /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:1.39.8"
     variation       69..70
                     /gene="GLRX2"
                     /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
                     /replace=""
                     /replace="tt"
                     /db_xref="dbSNP:3079948"
     variation       72
                     /gene="GLRX2"
                     /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
                     /replace="c"
                     /replace="g"
                     /replace="t"
                     /db_xref="dbSNP:34475657"
     variation       80
                     /gene="GLRX2"
                     /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
                     /replace="a"
                     /replace="g"
                     /db_xref="dbSNP:912071"
     variation       104
                     /gene="GLRX2"
                     /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
                     /replace="c"
                     /replace="g"
                     /db_xref="dbSNP:34353394"
     STS             140..411
                     /gene="GLRX2"
                     /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
                     /standard_name="SHGC-146669"
                     /db_xref="UniSTS:172655"
     misc_feature    421..423
                     /gene="GLRX2"
                     /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
                     /note="upstream in-frame stop codon"
     exon            441..504
                     /gene="GLRX2"
                     /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:1.39.8"
     CDS             442..816
                     /gene="GLRX2"
                     /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
                     /note="isoform 3 is encoded by transcript variant 3;
                     bA101E13.1 (GRX2 glutaredoxin (thioltransferase) 2)"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /product="glutaredoxin 2 isoform 3"
                     /protein_id="NP_001230328.1"
                     /db_xref="GI:343478147"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:51022"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:16065"
                     /db_xref="MIM:606820"
                     /translation="
MESNTSSSLENLATAPVNQIQETISDNCVVIFSKTSCSYCTMAKKLFHDMNVNYKVVELDLLEYGNQFQDALYKMTGERTVPRIFVNGTFIGGATDTHRLHKEGKLLPLVHQCYLKKSKRKEFQ
"
     misc_feature    523..768
                     /gene="GLRX2"
                     /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
                     /note="Glutaredoxin (GRX) family, GRX human class 1 and 2
                     (h_1_2)-like subfamily; composed of proteins similar to
                     human GRXs, approximately 10 kDa in size, and proteins
                     containing a GRX or GRX-like domain. GRX is a glutathione
                     (GSH) dependent reductase; Region: GRX_GRXh_1_2_like;
                     cd03419"
                     /db_xref="CDD:48634"
     misc_feature    order(541..543,550..552,556..558,676..687,718..729)
                     /gene="GLRX2"
                     /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
                     /note="GSH binding site [chemical binding]; other site"
                     /db_xref="CDD:48634"
     misc_feature    order(550..552,559..561)
                     /gene="GLRX2"
                     /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
                     /note="catalytic residues [active]"
                     /db_xref="CDD:48634"
     exon            505..681
                     /gene="GLRX2"
                     /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:1.39.8"
     STS             507..641
                     /gene="GLRX2"
                     /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
                     /standard_name="SHGC-32745"
                     /db_xref="UniSTS:2493"
     variation       604
                     /gene="GLRX2"
                     /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
                     /replace="a"
                     /replace="g"
                     /db_xref="dbSNP:34237236"
     exon            682..976
                     /gene="GLRX2"
                     /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:1.39.8"
     polyA_signal    950..955
                     /gene="GLRX2"
                     /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
     polyA_site      970
                     /gene="GLRX2"
                     /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
     polyA_site      976
                     /gene="GLRX2"
                     /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
ORIGIN      
atttccaaagccatggtgaaacatctctgtgctaatttcttttgttttgtttcctaattttttttttttggcaggtggtgggaaataatctttgtcttctttggagtaaaccttcaacaccggattttttcttttaattatggatgtaaaccccaatatccccataatttacattgggtctcgaccaattgcctaattataagaggatatatttaggctcttatttcatccacacaaaaacttgtgtaacaggtagttggaaacatctgaggcaccactttgattctgttttggatggtcatgttttttctcctccgtttccccagcatgtctgccaccatcctcatgcactgcttccaagtgcctgggagcctttatgagcgtccctaaacctaaaagaatccagaggcggggctcggatgaaccctcgagataagcaagatggagagcaatacatcatcatctttggagaatttagcgacggcgcctgtgaaccagatccaagaaacaatttctgataattgtgtggtgattttctcaaaaacatcctgttcttactgtacaatggcaaaaaagcttttccatgacatgaatgttaactataaagtggtggaactggacctgcttgaatatggaaaccagttccaagatgctctttacaaaatgactggtgaaagaactgttccaagaatatttgtcaatggtacttttattggaggtgcaactgacactcataggcttcacaaagaaggaaaattgctcccactagttcatcagtgttatttaaaaaaaagtaagaggaaagaatttcagtgatgtttatactaataagtttgctagtacagtgtcagttatttaaagtggtaatgcccgataatgtcttttaaatgtttgaggatgttttaaatacatgcattgtcttcacgaagaagatgtaaaaataatgaacaataaattgcggtggaaacctcttctt
//

Annotations:

ANNOTATIONS from NCBI Entrez Gene (20130726):
            GeneID:51022 -> Molecular function: GO:0003756 [protein disulfide isomerase activity] evidence: TAS
            GeneID:51022 -> Molecular function: GO:0008794 [arsenate reductase (glutaredoxin) activity] evidence: TAS
            GeneID:51022 -> Molecular function: GO:0009055 [electron carrier activity] evidence: NAS
            GeneID:51022 -> Molecular function: GO:0015035 [protein disulfide oxidoreductase activity] evidence: IEA
            GeneID:51022 -> Molecular function: GO:0015038 [glutathione disulfide oxidoreductase activity] evidence: TAS
            GeneID:51022 -> Molecular function: GO:0046872 [metal ion binding] evidence: IEA
            GeneID:51022 -> Molecular function: GO:0051537 [2 iron, 2 sulfur cluster binding] evidence: IEA
            GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0006355 [regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent] evidence: NAS
            GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0006457 [protein folding] evidence: TAS
            GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0006749 [glutathione metabolic process] evidence: TAS
            GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0006915 [apoptotic process] evidence: NAS
            GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0009266 [response to temperature stimulus] evidence: NAS
            GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0009966 [regulation of signal transduction] evidence: NAS
            GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0010033 [response to organic substance] evidence: IDA
            GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0022900 [electron transport chain] evidence: IEA
            GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0030154 [cell differentiation] evidence: NAS
            GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0042262 [DNA protection] evidence: NAS
            GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0042542 [response to hydrogen peroxide] evidence: IDA
            GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0045454 [cell redox homeostasis] evidence: TAS
            GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0051775 [response to redox state] evidence: TAS
            GeneID:51022 -> Cellular component: GO:0005634 [nucleus] evidence: IDA
            GeneID:51022 -> Cellular component: GO:0005730 [nucleolus] evidence: IDA
            GeneID:51022 -> Cellular component: GO:0005739 [mitochondrion] evidence: IDA

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