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2025-10-27 11:05:09, GGRNA : RefSeq release 60 (20130726)
LOCUS NM_001243399 976 bp mRNA linear PRI 07-JUL-2013
DEFINITION Homo sapiens glutaredoxin 2 (GLRX2), transcript variant 3, mRNA.
ACCESSION NM_001243399
VERSION NM_001243399.1 GI:343478146
KEYWORDS RefSeq.
SOURCE Homo sapiens (human)
ORGANISM Homo sapiens
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;
Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini;
Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.
REFERENCE 1 (bases 1 to 976)
AUTHORS Brautigam,L., Schutte,L.D., Godoy,J.R., Prozorovski,T., Gellert,M.,
Hauptmann,G., Holmgren,A., Lillig,C.H. and Berndt,C.
TITLE Vertebrate-specific glutaredoxin is essential for brain development
JOURNAL Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108 (51), 20532-20537 (2011)
PUBMED 22139372
REMARK GeneRIF: Grx2 thiol redox regulation is essential for vertebrate
embryonic development
REFERENCE 2 (bases 1 to 976)
AUTHORS Godoy,J.R., Oesteritz,S., Hanschmann,E.M., Ockenga,W., Ackermann,W.
and Lillig,C.H.
TITLE Segment-specific overexpression of redoxins after renal ischemia
and reperfusion: protective roles of glutaredoxin 2, peroxiredoxin
3, and peroxiredoxin 6
JOURNAL Free Radic. Biol. Med. 51 (2), 552-561 (2011)
PUBMED 21586322
REFERENCE 3 (bases 1 to 976)
AUTHORS Qi,W. and Cowan,J.A.
TITLE Mechanism of glutaredoxin-ISU [2Fe-2S] cluster exchange
JOURNAL Chem. Commun. (Camb.) 47 (17), 4989-4991 (2011)
PUBMED 21437321
REMARK GeneRIF: Exchange of [2Fe-2S] centers between glutaredoxin 2 and
the cluster scaffold protein ISU, supports a direct link for
glutaredoxin 2 and glutathione involvement in ISU promoted Fe-S
cluster biosynthesis.
REFERENCE 4 (bases 1 to 976)
AUTHORS Lonn,M.E., Hudemann,C., Berndt,C., Cherkasov,V., Capani,F.,
Holmgren,A. and Lillig,C.H.
TITLE Expression pattern of human glutaredoxin 2 isoforms: identification
and characterization of two testis/cancer cell-specific isoforms
JOURNAL Antioxid. Redox Signal. 10 (3), 547-557 (2008)
PUBMED 18092940
REFERENCE 5 (bases 1 to 976)
AUTHORS Karunakaran,S., Saeed,U., Ramakrishnan,S., Koumar,R.C. and
Ravindranath,V.
TITLE Constitutive expression and functional characterization of
mitochondrial glutaredoxin (Grx2) in mouse and human brain
JOURNAL Brain Res. 1185, 8-17 (2007)
PUBMED 17961515
REMARK GeneRIF: Grx2 is constitutively expressed in both neuron and glia
in mouse and human brain including the neurons in human substantia
nigra.
REFERENCE 6 (bases 1 to 976)
AUTHORS Johansson,C., Lillig,C.H. and Holmgren,A.
TITLE Human mitochondrial glutaredoxin reduces S-glutathionylated
proteins with high affinity accepting electrons from either
glutathione or thioredoxin reductase
JOURNAL J. Biol. Chem. 279 (9), 7537-7543 (2004)
PUBMED 14676218
REMARK GeneRIF: results suggest an important role for glutaredoxin 2 in
protection and recovery from oxidative stress
REFERENCE 7 (bases 1 to 976)
AUTHORS Fernandes,A.P. and Holmgren,A.
TITLE Glutaredoxins: glutathione-dependent redox enzymes with functions
far beyond a simple thioredoxin backup system
JOURNAL Antioxid. Redox Signal. 6 (1), 63-74 (2004)
PUBMED 14713336
REMARK Review article
REFERENCE 8 (bases 1 to 976)
AUTHORS Lysell,J., Stjernholm Vladic,Y., Ciarlo,N., Holmgren,A. and
Sahlin,L.
TITLE Immunohistochemical determination of thioredoxin and glutaredoxin
distribution in the human cervix, and possible relation to cervical
ripening
JOURNAL Gynecol. Endocrinol. 17 (4), 303-310 (2003)
PUBMED 14503974
REFERENCE 9 (bases 1 to 976)
AUTHORS Gladyshev,V.N., Liu,A., Novoselov,S.V., Krysan,K., Sun,Q.A.,
Kryukov,V.M., Kryukov,G.V. and Lou,M.F.
TITLE Identification and characterization of a new mammalian glutaredoxin
(thioltransferase), Grx2
JOURNAL J. Biol. Chem. 276 (32), 30374-30380 (2001)
PUBMED 11397793
REFERENCE 10 (bases 1 to 976)
AUTHORS Lundberg,M., Johansson,C., Chandra,J., Enoksson,M., Jacobsson,G.,
Ljung,J., Johansson,M. and Holmgren,A.
TITLE Cloning and expression of a novel human glutaredoxin (Grx2) with
mitochondrial and nuclear isoforms
JOURNAL J. Biol. Chem. 276 (28), 26269-26275 (2001)
PUBMED 11297543
COMMENT REVIEWED REFSEQ: This record has been curated by NCBI staff. The
reference sequence was derived from BQ432881.1, AA887118.1 and
AA056513.1.
Summary: The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the
glutaredoxin family of proteins, which maintain cellular thiol
homeostasis. These proteins are thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases
that use a glutathione-binding site and one or two active cysteines
in their active site. This gene undergoes alternative splicing to
produce multiple isoforms, one of which is ubiquitously expressed
and localizes to mitochondria, where it functions in mitochondrial
redox homeostasis and is important for the protection against and
recovery from oxidative stress. Other isoforms, which have more
restrictive expression patterns, show cytosolic and nuclear
localization, and are thought to function in cellular
differentiation and transformation, possibly with a role in tumor
progression. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011].
Transcript Variant: This variant (3) differs in the 5' UTR, lacks a
portion of the 5' coding region, and uses a downstream in-frame
start codon, compared to variant 1. The encoded isoform (3, also
known as Grx2c) is shorter at the N-terminus, compared to isoform
1.
Publication Note: This RefSeq record includes a subset of the
publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene
record to access additional publications.
##Evidence-Data-START##
CDS exon combination :: BC028113.1, BG182176.1 [ECO:0000331]
RNAseq introns :: single sample supports all introns
ERS025084, ERS025085 [ECO:0000348]
##Evidence-Data-END##
##RefSeq-Attributes-START##
gene product(s) localized to mito. :: PMID: 11297543; reported by
MitoCarta
##RefSeq-Attributes-END##
COMPLETENESS: complete on the 3' end.
PRIMARY REFSEQ_SPAN PRIMARY_IDENTIFIER PRIMARY_SPAN COMP
1-69 BQ432881.1 5-73
70-564 BQ432881.1 76-570
565-970 AA887118.1 12-417 c
971-976 AA056513.1 3-8 c
FEATURES Location/Qualifiers
source 1..976
/organism="Homo sapiens"
/mol_type="mRNA"
/db_xref="taxon:9606"
/chromosome="1"
/map="1q31.2"
gene 1..976
/gene="GLRX2"
/gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
/note="glutaredoxin 2"
/db_xref="GeneID:51022"
/db_xref="HGNC:16065"
/db_xref="MIM:606820"
exon 1..440
/gene="GLRX2"
/gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
/inference="alignment:Splign:1.39.8"
variation 69..70
/gene="GLRX2"
/gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
/replace=""
/replace="tt"
/db_xref="dbSNP:3079948"
variation 72
/gene="GLRX2"
/gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
/replace="c"
/replace="g"
/replace="t"
/db_xref="dbSNP:34475657"
variation 80
/gene="GLRX2"
/gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
/replace="a"
/replace="g"
/db_xref="dbSNP:912071"
variation 104
/gene="GLRX2"
/gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
/replace="c"
/replace="g"
/db_xref="dbSNP:34353394"
STS 140..411
/gene="GLRX2"
/gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
/standard_name="SHGC-146669"
/db_xref="UniSTS:172655"
misc_feature 421..423
/gene="GLRX2"
/gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
/note="upstream in-frame stop codon"
exon 441..504
/gene="GLRX2"
/gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
/inference="alignment:Splign:1.39.8"
CDS 442..816
/gene="GLRX2"
/gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
/note="isoform 3 is encoded by transcript variant 3;
bA101E13.1 (GRX2 glutaredoxin (thioltransferase) 2)"
/codon_start=1
/product="glutaredoxin 2 isoform 3"
/protein_id="NP_001230328.1"
/db_xref="GI:343478147"
/db_xref="GeneID:51022"
/db_xref="HGNC:16065"
/db_xref="MIM:606820"
/translation="
MESNTSSSLENLATAPVNQIQETISDNCVVIFSKTSCSYCTMAKKLFHDMNVNYKVVELDLLEYGNQFQDALYKMTGERTVPRIFVNGTFIGGATDTHRLHKEGKLLPLVHQCYLKKSKRKEFQ
"
misc_feature 523..768
/gene="GLRX2"
/gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
/note="Glutaredoxin (GRX) family, GRX human class 1 and 2
(h_1_2)-like subfamily; composed of proteins similar to
human GRXs, approximately 10 kDa in size, and proteins
containing a GRX or GRX-like domain. GRX is a glutathione
(GSH) dependent reductase; Region: GRX_GRXh_1_2_like;
cd03419"
/db_xref="CDD:48634"
misc_feature order(541..543,550..552,556..558,676..687,718..729)
/gene="GLRX2"
/gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
/note="GSH binding site [chemical binding]; other site"
/db_xref="CDD:48634"
misc_feature order(550..552,559..561)
/gene="GLRX2"
/gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
/note="catalytic residues [active]"
/db_xref="CDD:48634"
exon 505..681
/gene="GLRX2"
/gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
/inference="alignment:Splign:1.39.8"
STS 507..641
/gene="GLRX2"
/gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
/standard_name="SHGC-32745"
/db_xref="UniSTS:2493"
variation 604
/gene="GLRX2"
/gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
/replace="a"
/replace="g"
/db_xref="dbSNP:34237236"
exon 682..976
/gene="GLRX2"
/gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
/inference="alignment:Splign:1.39.8"
polyA_signal 950..955
/gene="GLRX2"
/gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
polyA_site 970
/gene="GLRX2"
/gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
polyA_site 976
/gene="GLRX2"
/gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
ORIGIN
atttccaaagccatggtgaaacatctctgtgctaatttcttttgttttgtttcctaattttttttttttggcaggtggtgggaaataatctttgtcttctttggagtaaaccttcaacaccggattttttcttttaattatggatgtaaaccccaatatccccataatttacattgggtctcgaccaattgcctaattataagaggatatatttaggctcttatttcatccacacaaaaacttgtgtaacaggtagttggaaacatctgaggcaccactttgattctgttttggatggtcatgttttttctcctccgtttccccagcatgtctgccaccatcctcatgcactgcttccaagtgcctgggagcctttatgagcgtccctaaacctaaaagaatccagaggcggggctcggatgaaccctcgagataagcaagatggagagcaatacatcatcatctttggagaatttagcgacggcgcctgtgaaccagatccaagaaacaatttctgataattgtgtggtgattttctcaaaaacatcctgttcttactgtacaatggcaaaaaagcttttccatgacatgaatgttaactataaagtggtggaactggacctgcttgaatatggaaaccagttccaagatgctctttacaaaatgactggtgaaagaactgttccaagaatatttgtcaatggtacttttattggaggtgcaactgacactcataggcttcacaaagaaggaaaattgctcccactagttcatcagtgttatttaaaaaaaagtaagaggaaagaatttcagtgatgtttatactaataagtttgctagtacagtgtcagttatttaaagtggtaatgcccgataatgtcttttaaatgtttgaggatgttttaaatacatgcattgtcttcacgaagaagatgtaaaaataatgaacaataaattgcggtggaaacctcttctt
//
ANNOTATIONS from NCBI Entrez Gene (20130726):
GeneID:51022 -> Molecular function: GO:0003756 [protein disulfide isomerase activity] evidence: TAS
GeneID:51022 -> Molecular function: GO:0008794 [arsenate reductase (glutaredoxin) activity] evidence: TAS
GeneID:51022 -> Molecular function: GO:0009055 [electron carrier activity] evidence: NAS
GeneID:51022 -> Molecular function: GO:0015035 [protein disulfide oxidoreductase activity] evidence: IEA
GeneID:51022 -> Molecular function: GO:0015038 [glutathione disulfide oxidoreductase activity] evidence: TAS
GeneID:51022 -> Molecular function: GO:0046872 [metal ion binding] evidence: IEA
GeneID:51022 -> Molecular function: GO:0051537 [2 iron, 2 sulfur cluster binding] evidence: IEA
GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0006355 [regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent] evidence: NAS
GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0006457 [protein folding] evidence: TAS
GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0006749 [glutathione metabolic process] evidence: TAS
GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0006915 [apoptotic process] evidence: NAS
GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0009266 [response to temperature stimulus] evidence: NAS
GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0009966 [regulation of signal transduction] evidence: NAS
GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0010033 [response to organic substance] evidence: IDA
GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0022900 [electron transport chain] evidence: IEA
GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0030154 [cell differentiation] evidence: NAS
GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0042262 [DNA protection] evidence: NAS
GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0042542 [response to hydrogen peroxide] evidence: IDA
GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0045454 [cell redox homeostasis] evidence: TAS
GeneID:51022 -> Biological process: GO:0051775 [response to redox state] evidence: TAS
GeneID:51022 -> Cellular component: GO:0005634 [nucleus] evidence: IDA
GeneID:51022 -> Cellular component: GO:0005730 [nucleolus] evidence: IDA
GeneID:51022 -> Cellular component: GO:0005739 [mitochondrion] evidence: IDA
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@meso_cacase at
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